-psychodynamic approach-

All psychodynamic theories stem from psychoanalysis, for Freud first developed the basic ideas which underlie the approach as a whole--particularly the idea that understanding behavior requires insight into the thoughts and feelings which motivate our actions. While the textbook deals extensively with the basic concepts of psychoanalysis, in many ways the theory is intertwined with the man. Indeed, one could argue that in no other approach has one person had such a dominating influence, not even Watson for Behaviorism, or Rogers for Humanistic Psychology. Consequently, it should not be surprising that Freud was ranked higher than any other psychologists on various lists of scientists and thinkers of the last millenium. While many other psychodynamic theories exist today, Freud still casts a long shadow, as the following resources show.

Unconscious- A reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences.

Cognitive Approach

Cognitive psychology is a subdiscipline of psychology exploring internal mental processes. It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems .

It explicitly acknowledges the existence of internal mental states (such as belief, desire and motivation) .

They focus on the way humans process information, looking at how we treat information that comes in to the person (what behaviourists would call stimuli) and how this treatment leads to responses. In other words, they are interested in the variables that mediate between stimulus/input and response/output. Cognitive psychology assumes our behaviour is an internal process including perception, attention, language, memory and thought .

* Tolman (1948) work on cognitive maps – training rats in mazes, showed that animals had internal representation of behaviour.

 -One of the famous example of kohler's work on insight involved an ape named sultan . kohlers gave sultan a series of a related problems in which he had to use a stick to reach for a banana which  was place outside his cage out of arms reach . after solving such problems on several occasions sultan was then presented with a stick which was not long enough to reach the banana .