summarize of behavioral approach .

The behavioral approach is based on the concept of explaining behavior through observation, and the belief that our environment is what causes us to behave differently or suffer illneses. The main categories of behaviorism are:
Classical Behaviorism:
Initiated arguably by John B. Watson, with his publication of "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (often referred to as the behaviorist manifesto), who described his behaviorist approach in psychology as "a purely objective experimental branch of natural science".more on clasical behaviorism.
Methodological Behaviorism:
Methological behaviorism is based on the idea that all types of physchological research are based to a greater or lesser extent on observing behaviors; the closest insight, some may argue, we currently have into someone's psychological make-up.more on methodological behaviosm.
Radical Behaviorism:
Radical behaviorists would claim that all our actions can be explained in terms of environmental factors. This is a somewhat extreme view in that it ignores biological and cognitive influences, particularly given research that has found genetic factors to play a part in disorders such as schizophenia and depression and the success of cognitive treatments such as rational emotive theraphy (RET) Popular holders of the radical behaviorism approach were J.B. Watson, and Skinner, but psychologists today widely acknowledge the importance of cognitive and biological factors in explaining disorders and behavior. More on radical behaviorism .
What does it assume?

1) Behaviorists assume that we can understand people by observing their behavior. This contrasts with thecognitive approach which looks at thought processes and other unobservable activities.
2) Behavior can be observed in terms of responses to certain stimuli. For example, a person being asked to hold a book (stimulus) would respond by holding the book. This stimulus-response theory forms the basis of conditioning , which suggests learning in humans and animals can take place through the association of a response with particular stimuli.
3) Behaviorism also assumes that we are born as a blank slate, or tabula rasa, and so equal at birth. It is environmental factors rather than genetic or biological differences that make us behave differently. Behaviorism very much represents the nurture aspect of the nature-nurture debate.
Evaluation of the Behavioral Approach:
skinner and pavlog’s dogs have shown the importance of classical and operant conditioning in learning
There is substantial support - primarily twin and family studies - showing the significance of biological factors in diseases. The dopamine hypothesis, which suggests schizophrenia is linked to abnormal levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, has lead to the production of successful drug therapies. Gottesman (1991) summarized around 40 studies of mono- and di-zygotic twins and found that there is a potential genetic link to schizophrenia .

behavior altruism: Why do we help other people? Find out about altruism in humans and what animal altruism tells us about ourselves.
conditionong : How conditioning affects human behavior.
fight or flight response : How this acute stress response has evolved as a vital survival mechanism.
asch’s conformity study : Intriguing study of the influence group pressure has over us.
zimbardo’s standford prison experiments: Role-play study that demonstrates the impact of our societal roles.


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behavioral approach

-psychodynamic approach-

All psychodynamic theories stem from psychoanalysis, for Freud first developed the basic ideas which underlie the approach as a whole--particularly the idea that understanding behavior requires insight into the thoughts and feelings which motivate our actions. While the textbook deals extensively with the basic concepts of psychoanalysis, in many ways the theory is intertwined with the man. Indeed, one could argue that in no other approach has one person had such a dominating influence, not even Watson for Behaviorism, or Rogers for Humanistic Psychology. Consequently, it should not be surprising that Freud was ranked higher than any other psychologists on various lists of scientists and thinkers of the last millenium. While many other psychodynamic theories exist today, Freud still casts a long shadow, as the following resources show.

Unconscious- A reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences.

Cognitive Approach

Cognitive psychology is a subdiscipline of psychology exploring internal mental processes. It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems .

It explicitly acknowledges the existence of internal mental states (such as belief, desire and motivation) .

They focus on the way humans process information, looking at how we treat information that comes in to the person (what behaviourists would call stimuli) and how this treatment leads to responses. In other words, they are interested in the variables that mediate between stimulus/input and response/output. Cognitive psychology assumes our behaviour is an internal process including perception, attention, language, memory and thought .

* Tolman (1948) work on cognitive maps – training rats in mazes, showed that animals had internal representation of behaviour.

 -One of the famous example of kohler's work on insight involved an ape named sultan . kohlers gave sultan a series of a related problems in which he had to use a stick to reach for a banana which  was place outside his cage out of arms reach . after solving such problems on several occasions sultan was then presented with a stick which was not long enough to reach the banana .